Patterns

Every pattern here is a rule over stored candles, written out step by step below. Pick a name and a candle size, then one pattern to test — or let the library look for anything in progress. A hit is an observation of what the candles just did; what followed the earlier hits on the same name is counted and shown beside it, every hit included. For what the candles in progress say about the coming hours and days, open the outlook; to be told when a pattern completes, sign in and tap Alert me on any card.

Test a name

Company or symbol Candle Pattern or wave Judge after candles

Defaults shown are for weekly candles; change the candle size and re-test to see that size's defaults. Intraday candles exist only for names on a reader's watchlist, from the day they were added; daily candles go back to 2021.

ABMINTLTD · ABMINTLTD · weekly candles

79 candles on file from 30 Dec 2019 as of the close of 26 Jul 2021 last close ₹103.35 judged 4 candles after each hit the outlook for the coming hours and days →

In progress now Gap at the open · up · week of 26 Jul 2021 In progress now Marubozu · down · week of 26 Jul 2021 In progress now Move of X% within M candles · up · week of 26 Jul 2021 Just hit Doji · neutral · week of 05 Jul 2021 Just hit RSI into overbought / oversold · down · week of 12 Jul 2021 Building Impulse wave (five swings, Elliott-style) · up · wave 3 under way

The candles, with the hits marked

last 79 of 79 · shaded = the formation · triangle = the candle it completed on · dashed = a level the latest hit named

In progress now Gap at the open · Runs, breaks and structure · reading up

41 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Hit on the latest weekly candle — week of 26 Jul 2021

Gap at the open completed on the candle that closed at week of 26 Jul 2021, an up reading. That is the newest candle on file, so this is in progress now.

What the candles did

Opened at 114.15, +4.97% above the previous close of 108.75.

What this pattern is taken to mean

The session opened at least X% away from the previous close. Read as news or flow arriving overnight.

What followed on this name's own record

After 37 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles, the close 4 weeks later went the hit's own way (up after an up reading, down after a down one) 19 times of 37 (51%). Median move in the hit's direction +0.81%; best +136.14%, worst -57.39%. Within the window the move typically reached +18.78% in the hit's favour and -9.34% against it. On this name that is a coin toss.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · pct = 1

At the first candle of each session, compare its open with the last close of the previous session.
Gap % = open / previous close − 1.
The pattern completes when |gap %| ≥ pct; direction is the gap's sign.
On daily candles this is simply open vs the previous day's close.

The last 12 hits on this name

week of 26 Jul 2021 up Opened at 114.15, +4.97% above the previous close of 108.75.
week of 19 Jul 2021 up Opened at 94.00, +4.97% above the previous close of 89.55.
week of 12 Jul 2021 up Opened at 72.75, +3.56% above the previous close of 70.25.
week of 05 Jul 2021 up Opened at 70.00, +1.89% above the previous close of 68.70.
week of 28 Jun 2021 down Opened at 71.55, -1.65% below the previous close of 72.75.
week of 07 Jun 2021 down Opened at 58.30, -2.59% below the previous close of 59.85.
week of 31 May 2021 up Opened at 64.20, +3.55% above the previous close of 62.00.
week of 17 May 2021 up Opened at 65.90, +4.85% above the previous close of 62.85.
week of 10 May 2021 up Opened at 56.25, +4.07% above the previous close of 54.05.
week of 26 Apr 2021 down Opened at 49.80, -4.14% below the previous close of 51.95.
week of 19 Apr 2021 up Opened at 51.10, +1.49% above the previous close of 50.35.
week of 12 Apr 2021 down Opened at 49.00, -4.67% below the previous close of 51.40.

In progress now Marubozu · Single-candle shapes · reading down

20 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Hit on the latest weekly candle — week of 26 Jul 2021

Marubozu completed on the candle that closed at week of 26 Jul 2021, a down reading. That is the newest candle on file, so this is in progress now.

What the candles did

Body 10.80 is 100% of the range: opened near the high and closed near the low (114.15→103.35).

What this pattern is taken to mean

Almost no wicks: the candle opened at one end of its range and closed at the other. Read as one side in control for the whole candle.

What followed on this name's own record

After 18 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles, the close 4 weeks later went the hit's own way (up after an up reading, down after a down one) 7 times of 18 (39%). Median move in the hit's direction -1.01%; best +136.14%, worst -53.75%. Within the window the move typically reached +19.65% in the hit's favour and -2.90% against it. On this name it has more often gone the other way.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · body_pct = 90

Body = |close − open|; range = high − low.
The pattern completes when range > 0 and body ≥ body_pct of the range.
Direction is the candle's colour.

The last 12 hits on this name

week of 26 Jul 2021 down Body 10.80 is 100% of the range: opened near the high and closed near the low (114.15→103.35).
week of 19 Jul 2021 up Body 14.75 is 100% of the range: opened near the low and closed near the high (94.00→108.75).
week of 08 Mar 2021 down Body 7.75 is 91% of the range: opened near the high and closed near the low (68.70→60.95).
week of 22 Feb 2021 up Body 12.20 is 100% of the range: opened near the low and closed near the high (57.10→69.30).
week of 26 Oct 2020 down Body 5.15 is 100% of the range: opened near the high and closed near the low (28.35→23.20).
week of 05 Oct 2020 up Body 4.35 is 98% of the range: opened near the low and closed near the high (16.10→20.45).
week of 28 Sep 2020 down Body 1.70 is 100% of the range: opened near the high and closed near the low (17.85→16.15).
week of 21 Sep 2020 down Body 4.35 is 100% of the range: opened near the high and closed near the low (24.05→19.70).
week of 14 Sep 2020 down Body 5.60 is 100% of the range: opened near the high and closed near the low (30.90→25.30).
week of 24 Aug 2020 up Body 5.20 is 100% of the range: opened near the low and closed near the high (24.60→29.80).
week of 17 Aug 2020 up Body 5.00 is 100% of the range: opened near the low and closed near the high (18.45→23.45).
week of 10 Aug 2020 up Body 2.30 is 96% of the range: opened near the low and closed near the high (16.15→18.45).

In progress now Move of X% within M candles · Runs, breaks and structure · reading up

17 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Hit on the latest weekly candle — week of 26 Jul 2021

Move of X% within M candles has held from the candle of week of 12 Jul 2021 through the newest one on file (3 weeks), an up reading. It is in progress now.

What the candles did

+23.09% in the last 3 candles, 72.75 to 89.55.

What this pattern is taken to mean

A fast move: the close is at least X% away from where it was M candles ago. Read as a burst of one-sided flow.

What followed on this name's own record

After 16 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles, the close 4 weeks later went the hit's own way (up after an up reading, down after a down one) 8 times of 16 (50%). Median move in the hit's direction +0.19%; best +157.62%, worst -53.75%. Within the window the move typically reached +6.28% in the hit's favour and -8.20% against it. On this name that is a coin toss.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · pct = 2, candles = 3

For each candle, take the close M candles earlier.
Move % = close now / close then − 1.
The pattern completes when |move %| ≥ pct; direction is the sign.
Consecutive candles that all qualify in the same direction count once, at the first of them.

The last 12 hits on this name

week of 12 Jul 2021 up +23.09% in the last 3 candles, 72.75 to 89.55.
week of 28 Jun 2021 down -4.25% in the last 3 candles, 71.75 to 68.70.
week of 07 Jun 2021 up +16.48% in the last 3 candles, 61.60 to 71.75.
week of 31 May 2021 down -4.77% in the last 3 candles, 62.85 to 59.85.
week of 03 May 2021 up +7.35% in the last 3 candles, 50.35 to 54.05.
week of 15 Mar 2021 down -23.16% in the last 3 candles, 69.30 to 53.25.
week of 25 Jan 2021 up +8.03% in the last 3 candles, 24.90 to 26.90.
week of 07 Dec 2020 up +6.24% in the last 3 candles, 23.25 to 24.70.
week of 23 Nov 2020 up +12.79% in the last 3 candles, 21.90 to 24.70.
week of 02 Nov 2020 down -15.61% in the last 3 candles, 25.95 to 21.90.
week of 12 Oct 2020 up +31.73% in the last 3 candles, 19.70 to 25.95.
week of 14 Sep 2020 down -15.10% in the last 3 candles, 29.80 to 25.30.

Just hit Doji · Single-candle shapes · reading neutral

10 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Hit 3 weeks ago — week of 05 Jul 2021

Doji completed on the weekly candle of week of 05 Jul 2021, a neutral reading, 3 weeks before the latest one (which closed at week of 26 Jul 2021 at 103.35). Since the hit the close has moved +47.12%.

What the candles did

Body 0.25 is 5% of the 5.00 range: open 70.00, close 70.25, high 71.00, low 66.00.

What this pattern is taken to mean

Open and close almost equal: the candle ranged but ended where it began. Read as indecision.

What followed on this name's own record

After 9 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles, the close 4 weeks later was higher 6 times of 9 (67%). Median move +8.03%; best +122.04%, worst -21.23%.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · body_pct = 10

Body = |close − open|; range = high − low.
The pattern completes when range > 0 and body ≤ body_pct of the range.

The last 10 hits on this name

week of 05 Jul 2021 neutral Body 0.25 is 5% of the 5.00 range: open 70.00, close 70.25, high 71.00, low 66.00.
week of 24 May 2021 neutral Body 0.30 is 6% of the 4.70 range: open 61.70, close 62.00, high 63.00, low 58.30.
week of 01 Mar 2021 neutral Body 0.45 is 3% of the 14.85 range: open 72.75, close 72.30, high 84.10, low 69.25.
week of 18 Jan 2021 neutral Body 0.00 is 0% of the 0.50 range: open 24.50, close 24.50, high 25.00, low 24.50.
week of 04 Jan 2021 neutral Body 0.00 is 0% of the 2.35 range: open 24.90, close 24.90, high 26.05, low 23.70.
week of 28 Dec 2020 neutral Body 0.00 is 0% of the 2.35 range: open 24.90, close 24.90, high 26.10, low 23.75.
week of 14 Dec 2020 neutral Body 0.20 is 6% of the 3.45 range: open 24.70, close 24.50, high 26.25, low 22.80.
week of 07 Dec 2020 neutral Body 0.20 is 6% of the 3.45 range: open 24.50, close 24.70, high 26.00, low 22.55.
week of 02 Nov 2020 neutral Body 0.15 is 7% of the 2.10 range: open 22.05, close 21.90, high 22.05, low 19.95.
week of 18 May 2020 neutral Body 0.00 is 0% of the 0.70 range: open 13.00, close 13.00, high 13.00, low 12.30.

Just hit RSI into overbought / oversold · Indicator-based · reading down

3 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Hit 2 weeks ago — week of 12 Jul 2021

RSI into overbought / oversold completed on the weekly candle of week of 12 Jul 2021, a down reading, 2 weeks before the latest one (which closed at week of 26 Jul 2021 at 103.35). Since the hit the close has moved +15.41%.

What the candles did

RSI(14) rose to 75, into the overbought zone above 70.

What this pattern is taken to mean

Wilder's RSI crossed into the overbought zone (reported as a 'down' observation: stretched) or the oversold zone ('up': washed out).

What followed on this name's own record

Only 2 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles with 4 weeks after them — too few to say what usually follows. For what it is worth: the close 4 weeks later went the hit's way 0 of 2 times, median move +89.36%.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · n = 14, high = 70, low = 30

Compute RSI(n) from the closes (Wilder smoothing).
The pattern completes when RSI moves from below `high` to at or above it (overbought → down), or from above `low` to at or below it (oversold → up).
Only the crossing candle is a hit, not every candle spent inside the zone.

The last 3 hits on this name

week of 12 Jul 2021 down RSI(14) rose to 75, into the overbought zone above 70.
week of 08 Feb 2021 down RSI(14) rose to 76, into the overbought zone above 70.
week of 03 Aug 2020 down RSI(14) rose to 70, into the overbought zone above 70.

Building Impulse wave (five swings, Elliott-style) · Trend and waves · reading up

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Impulse wave (five swings, Elliott-style) did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

Where it stands on the latest candle

Counting up: waves 1–2 confirmed, wave 3 under way (the current swing has not yet reversed by 4%). Pivots so far 65.50, 78.20, 66.00, 114.15.

What this pattern is taken to mean

Five alternating swings that obey the three classical impulse rules. A count, not a prophecy: the same swings can be counted more than one way, and this is the plain mechanical reading.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · swing_pct = 4

Find swings with the zigzag at swing_pct.
Take six consecutive confirmed pivots L-H-L-H-L-H (up) or H-L-H-L-H-L (down).
Rule 1: wave 2 does not retrace past the start of wave 1.
Rule 2: wave 3 is not the shortest of waves 1, 3 and 5.
Rule 3: wave 4 does not enter the price territory of wave 1.
Each wave must make progress: 3 beyond 1, 5 beyond 3.
The pattern completes when the sixth pivot is confirmed. Progress reports 'wave 5 under way' when the first five pivots hold and the live swing is the fifth wave.

Quiet Volume spike · Indicator-based · reading up

10 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 07 Jun 2021

The most recent hit of Volume spike on the weekly candles completed at week of 07 Jun 2021, 7 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +44.04% to 103.35.

What the candles did

Volume 5.1× the average of the previous 20 candles (59,278 vs 11,595), on an up candle.

What this pattern is taken to mean

One candle traded many times the recent average volume. Read as attention arriving; the candle's colour says which way it leaned.

What followed on this name's own record

After 10 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles, the close 4 weeks later went the hit's own way (up after an up reading, down after a down one) 7 times of 10 (70%). Median move in the hit's direction +29.15%; best +136.14%, worst -57.39%. Within the window the move typically reached +64.30% in the hit's favour and +0.00% against it.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · times = 3, candles = 20

Average the volume of the previous M candles (those that reported one).
The pattern completes when this candle's volume ≥ times × that average.
Direction is the candle's own: up if it closed above its open, down if below, neutral if flat.

The last 10 hits on this name

week of 07 Jun 2021 up Volume 5.1× the average of the previous 20 candles (59,278 vs 11,595), on an up candle.
week of 01 Mar 2021 down Volume 6.8× the average of the previous 20 candles (39,791 vs 5,851), on a down candle.
week of 08 Feb 2021 up Volume 4.2× the average of the previous 20 candles (19,305 vs 4,644), on an up candle.
week of 01 Feb 2021 up Volume 3.7× the average of the previous 20 candles (14,804 vs 3,994), on an up candle.
week of 07 Sep 2020 down Volume 7.7× the average of the previous 20 candles (13,106 vs 1,692), on a down candle.
week of 31 Aug 2020 up Volume 8.2× the average of the previous 20 candles (9,826 vs 1,203), on an up candle.
week of 24 Aug 2020 up Volume 20.1× the average of the previous 20 candles (12,069 vs 600), on an up candle.
week of 17 Aug 2020 up Volume 12.1× the average of the previous 20 candles (4,512 vs 374), on an up candle.
week of 10 Aug 2020 up Volume 19.6× the average of the previous 20 candles (3,709 vs 189), on an up candle.
week of 03 Aug 2020 up Volume 6.5× the average of the previous 20 candles (946 vs 145), on an up candle.

Quiet Inside bar, then a breakout · Runs, breaks and structure · reading up

6 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 25 Jan 2021

The most recent hit of Inside bar, then a breakout on the weekly candles completed at week of 25 Jan 2021, 26 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +284.20% to 103.35.

What the candles did

An inside candle (24.50–25.00) within the one before it (22.55–25.95), then a close at 26.90 above that range.

What this pattern is taken to mean

A candle whose whole range sat inside the one before it (a pause), then a close outside the mother candle's range. Read as a pause resolving.

What followed on this name's own record

After 6 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles, the close 4 weeks later went the hit's own way (up after an up reading, down after a down one) 5 times of 6 (83%). Median move in the hit's direction +12.74%; best +157.62%, worst -0.00%. Within the window the move typically reached +14.42% in the hit's favour and -0.00% against it.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked

Take three consecutive candles: mother, inside, break.
Inside: its high ≤ mother high and its low ≥ mother low.
The pattern completes when the third candle closes above the mother high (up) or below the mother low (down).

The last 6 hits on this name

week of 25 Jan 2021 up An inside candle (24.50–25.00) within the one before it (22.55–25.95), then a close at 26.90 above that range.
week of 27 Jul 2020 up An inside candle (12.15–12.15) within the one before it (12.00–13.00), then a close at 13.30 above that range.
week of 29 Jun 2020 up An inside candle (12.40–12.40) within the one before it (12.35–12.40), then a close at 13.00 above that range.
week of 15 Jun 2020 down An inside candle (13.00–13.00) within the one before it (13.00–13.00), then a close at 12.40 below that range.
week of 20 Apr 2020 down An inside candle (13.45–13.45) within the one before it (13.45–13.45), then a close at 13.00 below that range.
week of 03 Feb 2020 down An inside candle (14.75–14.75) within the one before it (14.70–14.75), then a close at 13.50 below that range.

Quiet Higher highs and higher lows · Runs, breaks and structure · reading up

3 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 21 Jun 2021

The most recent hit of Higher highs and higher lows on the weekly candles completed at week of 21 Jun 2021, 5 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +42.06% to 103.35.

What the candles did

2 higher highs and higher lows on swings of at least 3%: lows 45.00, 57.05, 65.50; highs 65.90, 78.25.

What this pattern is taken to mean

Uptrend structure: each swing high above the last and each swing low above the last. Read as a trend that is still being confirmed by its pullbacks.

What followed on this name's own record

Only 3 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles with 4 weeks after them — too few to say what usually follows. For what it is worth: the close 4 weeks later went the hit's way 3 of 3 times, median move +25.68%.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · swings = 2, swing_pct = 3

Find swing highs and lows with the zigzag: a pivot is confirmed once price has moved swing_pct against it.
Take every window of 2×swings+1 consecutive confirmed pivots.
Require each swing high in the window above the previous swing high, and each swing low above the previous swing low.
The pattern completes on the candle where the last pivot in the window was confirmed.
The last swing low is reported as the level the structure stands on.

The last 3 hits on this name

week of 21 Jun 2021 up 2 higher highs and higher lows on swings of at least 3%: lows 45.00, 57.05, 65.50; highs 65.90, 78.25.
week of 14 Jun 2021 up 2 higher highs and higher lows on swings of at least 3%: lows 45.00, 57.05; highs 60.20, 65.90, 78.25.
week of 28 Dec 2020 up 2 higher highs and higher lows on swings of at least 3%: lows 21.05, 22.55, 23.00; highs 26.15, 26.25.

Quiet Moving-average cross · Indicator-based · reading up

3 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 25 Jan 2021

The most recent hit of Moving-average cross on the weekly candles completed at week of 25 Jan 2021, 26 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +284.20% to 103.35.

What the candles did

The 9-candle average (24.92) crossed above the 21-candle average (24.36).

What this pattern is taken to mean

The faster simple average crossed the slower one. Read as the near-term average price overtaking (or falling behind) the longer one.

What followed on this name's own record

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · fast = 9, slow = 21

Compute SMA(fast) and SMA(slow) of the closes.
The pattern completes on a candle where fast was ≤ slow on the previous candle and is > slow now (up), or ≥ before and < now (down).
fast must be smaller than slow, else nothing is reported.

The last 3 hits on this name

week of 25 Jan 2021 up The 9-candle average (24.92) crossed above the 21-candle average (24.36).
week of 21 Dec 2020 down The 9-candle average (24.01) crossed below the 21-candle average (24.36).
week of 10 Aug 2020 up The 9-candle average (13.64) crossed above the 21-candle average (13.38).

Quiet N consecutive rising candles · Runs, breaks and structure · reading up

2 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 22 Feb 2021

The most recent hit of N consecutive rising candles on the weekly candles completed at week of 22 Feb 2021, 22 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +49.13% to 103.35.

What the candles did

5 consecutive rising closes, from 24.50 to 69.30 (+182.86%).

Where it stands on the latest candle

The last close was not rising; no run under way.

What this pattern is taken to mean

A momentum run: every close above the one before it for N candles. The owner's first example. Conventionally read as buyers in control for as long as it lasts.

What followed on this name's own record

Only 2 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles with 4 weeks after them — too few to say what usually follows. For what it is worth: the close 4 weeks later went the hit's way 1 of 2 times, median move -3.49%.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · n = 5

Walk the candles in order.
Count a streak: +1 when this close is above the previous close, back to 0 otherwise.
The pattern completes on the candle where the streak first reaches N.
Report the move from the close before the run to the close that completed it.
Progress: how long the current streak is against N, and whether the last close is still rising.

The last 2 hits on this name

week of 22 Feb 2021 up 5 consecutive rising closes, from 24.50 to 69.30 (+182.86%).
week of 17 Aug 2020 up 5 consecutive rising closes, from 12.00 to 23.45 (+95.42%).

Quiet Bearish engulfing · Multi-candle shapes · reading down

2 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 31 May 2021

The most recent hit of Bearish engulfing on the weekly candles completed at week of 31 May 2021, 8 weeks ago, a down reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +72.68% to 103.35.

What the candles did

An up candle (61.70→62.00) followed by a down candle (64.20→59.85) whose body covers it, after +18.58% over the 5 candles before.

What this pattern is taken to mean

An up candle followed by a down candle whose body covers it, after a rise.

What followed on this name's own record

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · context = 5

Take two consecutive candles.
First closes above its open; second closes below its open.
Second's open ≥ first's close and second's close ≤ first's open.
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before the pair is positive (set 0 to skip).

The last 2 hits on this name

week of 31 May 2021 down An up candle (61.70→62.00) followed by a down candle (64.20→59.85) whose body covers it, after +18.58% over the 5 candles before.
week of 14 Dec 2020 down An up candle (24.50→24.70) followed by a down candle (24.70→24.50) whose body covers it, after +11.87% over the 5 candles before.

Quiet Morning star · Multi-candle shapes · reading up

2 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 25 Jan 2021

The most recent hit of Morning star on the weekly candles completed at week of 25 Jan 2021, 26 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +284.20% to 103.35.

What the candles did

A long down candle (25.25→24.50), a small-bodied candle, then an up candle closing at 26.90, above the first candle's midpoint 24.88.

What this pattern is taken to mean

A long down candle, a small-bodied candle, then an up candle closing above the midpoint of the first. Read as a decline stalling and turning.

What followed on this name's own record

Only 2 earlier hits on this name's weekly candles with 4 weeks after them — too few to say what usually follows. For what it is worth: the close 4 weeks later went the hit's way 2 of 2 times, median move +140.84%.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · small_pct = 30

Take three consecutive candles.
First: a down candle with a body at least the average body of the ten candles before it.
Second: a body no bigger than small_pct of the first's body.
Third: an up candle closing above the midpoint of the first candle's body.

The last 2 hits on this name

week of 25 Jan 2021 up A long down candle (25.25→24.50), a small-bodied candle, then an up candle closing at 26.90, above the first candle's midpoint 24.88.
week of 27 Jul 2020 up A long down candle (13.00→12.00), a small-bodied candle, then an up candle closing at 13.30, above the first candle's midpoint 12.50.

Quiet Evening star · Multi-candle shapes · reading down

2 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 08 Mar 2021

The most recent hit of Evening star on the weekly candles completed at week of 08 Mar 2021, 20 weeks ago, a down reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +69.57% to 103.35.

What the candles did

A long up candle (57.10→69.30), a small-bodied candle, then a down candle closing at 60.95, below the first candle's midpoint 63.20.

What this pattern is taken to mean

A long up candle, a small-bodied candle, then a down candle closing below the midpoint of the first.

What followed on this name's own record

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · small_pct = 30

Take three consecutive candles.
First: an up candle with a body at least the average body of the ten candles before it.
Second: a body no bigger than small_pct of the first's body.
Third: a down candle closing below the midpoint of the first candle's body.

The last 2 hits on this name

week of 08 Mar 2021 down A long up candle (57.10→69.30), a small-bodied candle, then a down candle closing at 60.95, below the first candle's midpoint 63.20.
week of 03 Feb 2020 down A long up candle (14.70→14.75), a small-bodied candle, then a down candle closing at 13.50, below the first candle's midpoint 14.72.

Quiet Bullish engulfing · Multi-candle shapes · reading up

1 hit in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 05 Oct 2020

The most recent hit of Bullish engulfing on the weekly candles completed at week of 05 Oct 2020, 42 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +405.38% to 103.35.

What the candles did

A down candle (17.85→16.15) followed by an up candle (16.10→20.45) whose body covers it, after -33.89% over the 5 candles before.

What this pattern is taken to mean

A down candle followed by an up candle whose body covers it, after a decline. Read as the decline being rejected in one candle.

What followed on this name's own record

Only 1 earlier hit on this name's weekly candles with 4 weeks after them — too few to say what usually follows. For what it is worth: the close 4 weeks later went the hit's way 1 of 1 times, median move +7.09%.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · context = 5

Take two consecutive candles.
First closes below its open; second closes above its open.
Second's open ≤ first's close and second's close ≥ first's open (its body covers the first's body).
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before the pair is negative (set 0 to skip).

The last 1 hit on this name

week of 05 Oct 2020 up A down candle (17.85→16.15) followed by an up candle (16.10→20.45) whose body covers it, after -33.89% over the 5 candles before.

Quiet Hammer · Single-candle shapes · reading up

1 hit in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Last seen week of 19 Apr 2021

The most recent hit of Hammer on the weekly candles completed at week of 19 Apr 2021, 14 weeks ago, an up reading. It is not in progress now. Since then the close has moved +98.94% to 103.35.

What the candles did

Lower wick 5.50 is 6.5× the body, the upper wick is 8% of the range, after -5.45% over the 5 candles before; low 45.60, close 51.95.

What this pattern is taken to mean

A long lower wick and a small body near the top, after a decline: the candle went well below and was pulled back up. Read as a low being rejected.

What followed on this name's own record

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · wick_times = 2, other_wick_pct = 15, context = 5

Lower wick ≥ wick_times × body.
Upper wick ≤ other_wick_pct of the range.
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before is negative (set 0 to skip).
The wick's low is reported as the level rejected.

The last 1 hit on this name

week of 19 Apr 2021 up Lower wick 5.50 is 6.5× the body, the upper wick is 8% of the range, after -5.45% over the 5 candles before; low 45.60, close 51.95.

Quiet N consecutive falling candles · Runs, breaks and structure · reading down

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

N consecutive falling candles did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

Where it stands on the latest candle

1 falling close in a row so far (-4.97%); the rule wants 5.

What this pattern is taken to mean

The mirror: every close below the one before it for N candles. Read as sellers in control while it lasts.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · n = 5

Walk the candles in order.
Count a streak: +1 when this close is below the previous close, back to 0 otherwise.
The pattern completes on the candle where the streak first reaches N.
Report the move from the close before the run to the close that completed it.
Progress: the current streak against N.

Quiet Lower highs and lower lows · Runs, breaks and structure · reading down

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Lower highs and lower lows did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

What this pattern is taken to mean

Downtrend structure: each swing high below the last and each swing low below the last.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · swings = 2, swing_pct = 3

Find swing highs and lows with the zigzag (pivot confirmed after a swing_pct move against it).
Take every window of 2×swings+1 consecutive confirmed pivots.
Require each swing high below the previous swing high, and each swing low below the previous swing low.
The pattern completes on the candle where the last pivot was confirmed.
The last swing high is reported as the level the structure hangs from.

Quiet Cross of a level you set · Runs, breaks and structure · reading up or down

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Cross of a level you set did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

What this pattern is taken to mean

The close went through a price you chose. Read however you meant the level.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · level = 0

Take the level you entered.
The pattern completes on a candle whose close is at or above the level while the previous close was below it (up), or at or below it while the previous close was above (down).
Nothing is reported until a level is set.

Quiet Bollinger squeeze, then a break · Indicator-based · reading up or down

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Bollinger squeeze, then a break did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

What this pattern is taken to mean

The bands had narrowed to their tightest in a while, then the close left them. Read as a quiet stretch ending.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · n = 20, k = 2, squeeze = 60

Compute Bollinger bands: SMA(n) ± k × standard deviation of the last n closes; bandwidth = (upper − lower) / middle.
Squeeze: the smallest bandwidth in the last 6 candles is within 5% of the smallest over the last `squeeze` candles.
The pattern completes on a candle that closes above the upper band having been at or below it the candle before (up), or the mirror below the lower band (down), while squeezed.

Quiet Trend line: slope, length, strength · Trend and waves · reading up or down

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Trend line: slope, length, strength did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

Where it stands on the latest candle

Slope +3.59% per candle (up), R² 0.70 (choppy), 13 candles from the window's low, +116.67% from it; the last close is with the line.

What this pattern is taken to mean

The straight-line fit through the last N closes: how steep, how long, how clean. This is the slope/length/strength reading (R6) and a version of the 20-candle rule that fires on a clean run even when one close in the middle dipped.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · n = 20, min_slope_pct = 0.25, min_r2 = 0.8

Fit a least-squares line through the last N closes (x = candle index).
Slope % = slope / mean close × 100, per candle. R² = share of the variance the line explains (1 = a ruler, 0 = chop).
Length = candles since the window's low (for a rising line) or high (falling). Magnitude = % from that extreme to the last close.
Continuing = the last close is on the slope's side of the fitted line, or the last three closes all moved with the slope.
The pattern completes when |slope %| ≥ min_slope_pct and R² ≥ min_r2; consecutive qualifying candles count once, at the first.
Progress always reports the current slope, R², length, magnitude and whether it is continuing.

Quiet Three white soldiers · Multi-candle shapes · reading up

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Three white soldiers did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

What this pattern is taken to mean

Three up candles in a row, each opening inside the previous body and closing higher, with little upper wick.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · wick_pct = 30

Take three consecutive candles, all closing above their opens.
Each close above the previous close.
Each open inside the previous candle's body.
Each upper wick no more than wick_pct of its body.

Quiet Three black crows · Multi-candle shapes · reading down

0 hits in 79 candles · test this one alone Sign in to be alerted

Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Three black crows did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

What this pattern is taken to mean

Three down candles in a row, each opening inside the previous body and closing lower, with little lower wick.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · wick_pct = 30

Take three consecutive candles, all closing below their opens.
Each close below the previous close.
Each open inside the previous candle's body.
Each lower wick no more than wick_pct of its body.

Quiet Shooting star · Single-candle shapes · reading down

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Not seen on the weekly candles on file

Shooting star did not complete anywhere in the 79 weekly candles stored for this name (from week of 30 Dec 2019 to week of 26 Jul 2021).

What this pattern is taken to mean

A long upper wick and a small body near the bottom, after a rise: the candle went well above and was pushed back down. Read as a high being rejected.

What followed on this name's own record

No earlier hit on this name's weekly candles has a full 4 weeks after it yet, so there is nothing to count.

An observation from stored candles, not advice. Nothing here is a forecast; the decision, and the risk, are yours.

The rule, exactly as checked · wick_times = 2, other_wick_pct = 15, context = 5

Upper wick ≥ wick_times × body.
Lower wick ≤ other_wick_pct of the range.
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before is positive (set 0 to skip).
The wick's high is reported as the level rejected.

The library, rule by rule

What each pattern checks, in the order the code checks it, with the parameters and their defaults for weekly candles. The "meaning" is the convention the pattern is named for, stated as a convention; whether it held on a given name is what the test above measures.

Runs, breaks and structure

Rules on closes, highs and lows alone. Plain to state, plain to check.

N consecutive rising candles · reading up · any candleA momentum run: every close above the one before it for N candles. The owner's first example. Conventionally read as buyers in control for as long as it lasts.

Walk the candles in order.
Count a streak: +1 when this close is above the previous close, back to 0 otherwise.
The pattern completes on the candle where the streak first reaches N.
Report the move from the close before the run to the close that completed it.
Progress: how long the current streak is against N, and whether the last close is still rising.

n = 5: Consecutive rising closes (N) — The owner's momentum-run example uses 20.

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N consecutive falling candles · reading down · any candleThe mirror: every close below the one before it for N candles. Read as sellers in control while it lasts.

Walk the candles in order.
Count a streak: +1 when this close is below the previous close, back to 0 otherwise.
The pattern completes on the candle where the streak first reaches N.
Report the move from the close before the run to the close that completed it.
Progress: the current streak against N.

n = 5: Consecutive falling closes (N)

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Higher highs and higher lows · reading up · any candleUptrend structure: each swing high above the last and each swing low above the last. Read as a trend that is still being confirmed by its pullbacks.

Find swing highs and lows with the zigzag: a pivot is confirmed once price has moved swing_pct against it.
Take every window of 2×swings+1 consecutive confirmed pivots.
Require each swing high in the window above the previous swing high, and each swing low above the previous swing low.
The pattern completes on the candle where the last pivot in the window was confirmed.
The last swing low is reported as the level the structure stands on.

swings = 2: Higher highs / higher lows required
swing_pct = 3: Minimum swing size, % — Smaller on intraday candles.

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Lower highs and lower lows · reading down · any candleDowntrend structure: each swing high below the last and each swing low below the last.

Find swing highs and lows with the zigzag (pivot confirmed after a swing_pct move against it).
Take every window of 2×swings+1 consecutive confirmed pivots.
Require each swing high below the previous swing high, and each swing low below the previous swing low.
The pattern completes on the candle where the last pivot was confirmed.
The last swing high is reported as the level the structure hangs from.

swings = 2: Lower highs / lower lows required
swing_pct = 3: Minimum swing size, %

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Gap at the open · reading up or down · any candleThe session opened at least X% away from the previous close. Read as news or flow arriving overnight.

At the first candle of each session, compare its open with the last close of the previous session.
Gap % = open / previous close − 1.
The pattern completes when |gap %| ≥ pct; direction is the gap's sign.
On daily candles this is simply open vs the previous day's close.

pct = 1: Minimum gap, %

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Move of X% within M candles · reading up or down · any candleA fast move: the close is at least X% away from where it was M candles ago. Read as a burst of one-sided flow.

For each candle, take the close M candles earlier.
Move % = close now / close then − 1.
The pattern completes when |move %| ≥ pct; direction is the sign.
Consecutive candles that all qualify in the same direction count once, at the first of them.

pct = 2: Minimum move, %
candles = 3: Within this many candles (M)

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Cross of a level you set · reading up or down · any candleThe close went through a price you chose. Read however you meant the level.

Take the level you entered.
The pattern completes on a candle whose close is at or above the level while the previous close was below it (up), or at or below it while the previous close was above (down).
Nothing is reported until a level is set.

level = 0: Your level, ₹ — Required — leave at 0 and this pattern reports nothing.

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Inside bar, then a breakout · reading up or down · any candleA candle whose whole range sat inside the one before it (a pause), then a close outside the mother candle's range. Read as a pause resolving.

Take three consecutive candles: mother, inside, break.
Inside: its high ≤ mother high and its low ≥ mother low.
The pattern completes when the third candle closes above the mother high (up) or below the mother low (down).

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Indicator-based

Rules on a derived line: moving averages, VWAP, volume, RSI, Bollinger bands.

Moving-average cross · reading up or down · any candleThe faster simple average crossed the slower one. Read as the near-term average price overtaking (or falling behind) the longer one.

Compute SMA(fast) and SMA(slow) of the closes.
The pattern completes on a candle where fast was ≤ slow on the previous candle and is > slow now (up), or ≥ before and < now (down).
fast must be smaller than slow, else nothing is reported.

fast = 9: Fast average, candles
slow = 21: Slow average, candles

Test this pattern on ABMINTLTD

Volume spike · reading up or down · any candleOne candle traded many times the recent average volume. Read as attention arriving; the candle's colour says which way it leaned.

Average the volume of the previous M candles (those that reported one).
The pattern completes when this candle's volume ≥ times × that average.
Direction is the candle's own: up if it closed above its open, down if below, neutral if flat.

times = 3: Multiple of the average
candles = 20: Average over this many candles (M)

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RSI into overbought / oversold · reading up or down · any candleWilder's RSI crossed into the overbought zone (reported as a 'down' observation: stretched) or the oversold zone ('up': washed out).

Compute RSI(n) from the closes (Wilder smoothing).
The pattern completes when RSI moves from below `high` to at or above it (overbought → down), or from above `low` to at or below it (oversold → up).
Only the crossing candle is a hit, not every candle spent inside the zone.

n = 14: RSI length
high = 70: Overbought above
low = 30: Oversold below

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Bollinger squeeze, then a break · reading up or down · any candleThe bands had narrowed to their tightest in a while, then the close left them. Read as a quiet stretch ending.

Compute Bollinger bands: SMA(n) ± k × standard deviation of the last n closes; bandwidth = (upper − lower) / middle.
Squeeze: the smallest bandwidth in the last 6 candles is within 5% of the smallest over the last `squeeze` candles.
The pattern completes on a candle that closes above the upper band having been at or below it the candle before (up), or the mirror below the lower band (down), while squeezed.

n = 20: Band length
k = 2: Standard deviations
squeeze = 60: Tightest in this many candles

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Trend and waves

The fitted trend line and the swing count. A wave count is a reading of the swings, not a prophecy.

Trend line: slope, length, strength · reading up or down · any candleThe straight-line fit through the last N closes: how steep, how long, how clean. This is the slope/length/strength reading (R6) and a version of the 20-candle rule that fires on a clean run even when one close in the middle dipped.

Fit a least-squares line through the last N closes (x = candle index).
Slope % = slope / mean close × 100, per candle. R² = share of the variance the line explains (1 = a ruler, 0 = chop).
Length = candles since the window's low (for a rising line) or high (falling). Magnitude = % from that extreme to the last close.
Continuing = the last close is on the slope's side of the fitted line, or the last three closes all moved with the slope.
The pattern completes when |slope %| ≥ min_slope_pct and R² ≥ min_r2; consecutive qualifying candles count once, at the first.
Progress always reports the current slope, R², length, magnitude and whether it is continuing.

n = 20: Candles in the fit (N)
min_slope_pct = 0.25: Minimum slope, % per candle
min_r2 = 0.8: Minimum R²

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Impulse wave (five swings, Elliott-style) · reading up or down · any candleFive alternating swings that obey the three classical impulse rules. A count, not a prophecy: the same swings can be counted more than one way, and this is the plain mechanical reading.

Find swings with the zigzag at swing_pct.
Take six consecutive confirmed pivots L-H-L-H-L-H (up) or H-L-H-L-H-L (down).
Rule 1: wave 2 does not retrace past the start of wave 1.
Rule 2: wave 3 is not the shortest of waves 1, 3 and 5.
Rule 3: wave 4 does not enter the price territory of wave 1.
Each wave must make progress: 3 beyond 1, 5 beyond 3.
The pattern completes when the sixth pivot is confirmed. Progress reports 'wave 5 under way' when the first five pivots hold and the live swing is the fifth wave.

swing_pct = 4: Minimum swing size, %

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Multi-candle shapes

Two- and three-candle shapes from the classical catalogue.

Bullish engulfing · reading up · any candleA down candle followed by an up candle whose body covers it, after a decline. Read as the decline being rejected in one candle.

Take two consecutive candles.
First closes below its open; second closes above its open.
Second's open ≤ first's close and second's close ≥ first's open (its body covers the first's body).
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before the pair is negative (set 0 to skip).

context = 5: Decline measured over this many candles before

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Bearish engulfing · reading down · any candleAn up candle followed by a down candle whose body covers it, after a rise.

Take two consecutive candles.
First closes above its open; second closes below its open.
Second's open ≥ first's close and second's close ≤ first's open.
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before the pair is positive (set 0 to skip).

context = 5: Rise measured over this many candles before

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Morning star · reading up · any candleA long down candle, a small-bodied candle, then an up candle closing above the midpoint of the first. Read as a decline stalling and turning.

Take three consecutive candles.
First: a down candle with a body at least the average body of the ten candles before it.
Second: a body no bigger than small_pct of the first's body.
Third: an up candle closing above the midpoint of the first candle's body.

small_pct = 30: Middle candle body, % of the first's

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Evening star · reading down · any candleA long up candle, a small-bodied candle, then a down candle closing below the midpoint of the first.

Take three consecutive candles.
First: an up candle with a body at least the average body of the ten candles before it.
Second: a body no bigger than small_pct of the first's body.
Third: a down candle closing below the midpoint of the first candle's body.

small_pct = 30: Middle candle body, % of the first's

Test this pattern on ABMINTLTD

Three white soldiers · reading up · any candleThree up candles in a row, each opening inside the previous body and closing higher, with little upper wick.

Take three consecutive candles, all closing above their opens.
Each close above the previous close.
Each open inside the previous candle's body.
Each upper wick no more than wick_pct of its body.

wick_pct = 30: Maximum upper wick, % of body

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Three black crows · reading down · any candleThree down candles in a row, each opening inside the previous body and closing lower, with little lower wick.

Take three consecutive candles, all closing below their opens.
Each close below the previous close.
Each open inside the previous candle's body.
Each lower wick no more than wick_pct of its body.

wick_pct = 30: Maximum lower wick, % of body

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Single-candle shapes

One candle's body and wicks. Weak on their own; shown with what followed on this name.

Doji · reading neutral · any candleOpen and close almost equal: the candle ranged but ended where it began. Read as indecision.

Body = |close − open|; range = high − low.
The pattern completes when range > 0 and body ≤ body_pct of the range.

body_pct = 10: Body no more than this % of the range

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Hammer · reading up · any candleA long lower wick and a small body near the top, after a decline: the candle went well below and was pulled back up. Read as a low being rejected.

Lower wick ≥ wick_times × body.
Upper wick ≤ other_wick_pct of the range.
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before is negative (set 0 to skip).
The wick's low is reported as the level rejected.

wick_times = 2: Lower wick at least this many × body
other_wick_pct = 15: Upper wick at most this % of range
context = 5: Decline measured over this many candles before

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Shooting star · reading down · any candleA long upper wick and a small body near the bottom, after a rise: the candle went well above and was pushed back down. Read as a high being rejected.

Upper wick ≥ wick_times × body.
Lower wick ≤ other_wick_pct of the range.
Context: the net move over the `context` candles before is positive (set 0 to skip).
The wick's high is reported as the level rejected.

wick_times = 2: Upper wick at least this many × body
other_wick_pct = 15: Lower wick at most this % of range
context = 5: Rise measured over this many candles before

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Marubozu · reading up or down · any candleAlmost no wicks: the candle opened at one end of its range and closed at the other. Read as one side in control for the whole candle.

Body = |close − open|; range = high − low.
The pattern completes when range > 0 and body ≥ body_pct of the range.
Direction is the candle's colour.

body_pct = 90: Body at least this % of the range

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Indicator definitions: SMA(n) is the mean of the last n closes. RSI(n) is Wilder's — average gain over average loss, smoothed by (previous × (n−1) + now) / n. ATR(n) is the Wilder-smoothed mean of the true range. Bollinger bands are SMA(n) ± k standard deviations of the same n closes. VWAP is Σ(typical price × volume) / Σ volume within the session, typical price = (high + low + close) / 3. The trend line is ordinary least squares on close against candle index. Swings come from a zigzag that confirms a pivot once price has moved the swing size against it.